It's likely the world in the not-so-distant future will be increasingly populated by computerized people like Amal Graafstra.
The 37-year-old doesn't need a key or password to get into his car, home or computer. He's programmed them to unlock at the mere wave of his hands, which are implanted with radio frequency identification tags. The rice-size gadgets work so well, the Seattle resident says, he's sold similar ones to more than 500 customers through his company Dangerous Things.
Implantable technology proponent Amal Graafstra of Seattle demonstrates how one of the doors to his home can be unlocked by passing either of his hands past a sensor which reads the signal from an implanted RFID chip. ((Courtesy of Amal Graafstra))
The move in the Bay Area and beyond to outfit people with electronic devices that can be swallowed, implanted in their bodies or attached to their skin via "smart tattoos" could revolutionize health care and change the way people interact with devices and one another. Critics call the trend intrusive, even sacrilegious. But others say it ultimately will make life better for everybody. Some researchers and executives envision a day when devices placed in people will enable them to control computers, prosthetic devices and many other things solely with their thoughts.
"In the next 10 to 20 years we will see rapid development in bioengineered and man-machine interfaces," predicted Graafstra, who wrote a book about the technology, adding that the trend is going to "push the boundaries of what it means to be human."
Bay Area companies and researchers are keenly interested in the topic.
In a patent application made public in November, Google's (GOOG) Motorola Mobility branch proposed an "electronic skin tattoo" for the throat -- with a built-in microphone, battery and wireless transceiver -- that would let someone operate other devices via voice commands.
When asked, Google said it often seeks patents on employee brainstorms and that, while "some of those ideas later mature into real products or services, some don't." But Google CEO Larry Pageapparently is intrigued with enhancing people electronically. A 2011 book about the Mountain View search giant quoted him saying, "Eventually you'll have an implant, where if you think about a fact, it will just tell you the answer."
Similar notions are under study by others, including UC Berkeley researchers. In a scholarly paper published in July, they proposed implanting people's brains with thousands of tiny sensors they called "neural dust."
This X-ray depicts the hands of Amal Graafstra, founder of Dangerous Things. He has had two radio frequency identifier inplants in his hands which he uses to unlock his car, computer and door to his Seattle home. ((Courtesy of Amal Graafstra))
The idea initially is to have the little circuits gather detailed data on brain functions. But eventually, lead researcher Dongjin Seo said, the electronic swarms may prove useful for "controlling devices via thought" or stimulating malfunctioning brain regions to restore "limb motor control for paralyzed patients."
Among the most widely anticipated uses for implants, smart pills and electronic tattoos are medical.
In October, Stanford doctors implanted the brain of a Parkinson's disease sufferer with a new device that gathers detailed data on the "neural signatures" of his illness. They hope to use the information to make a gadget that will ease Parkinson's symptoms with electrical impulses that adjust to any activity the patients do.
Last year, Proteus Digital Health of Redwood City won approval to sell a pill that relays information about a person's vital signs via a mobile phone to their doctor. And officials at Santa Clara-based Intel (INTC) envision their microchips one day in devices ingested or implanted for medical and other uses.
Some fear implants might become mandatory for health insurance or jobs.
After learning about a Cincinnati video surveillance firm that required employees to have a chip inserted in them, California Sen. Joe Simitian, D-Palo Alto, introduced a bill that became law in 2008 forbidding anyone in this state from making similar demands.
Two years later, when the Virginia House of Delegates passed a similar measure, some of the lawmakers -- citing biblical references about the Antichrist -- denounced implanted chips as "the mark of the beast."
It's unclear how widespread those concerns are. A study Intel made public this month found that 70 percent of the 12,000 adults it surveyed were receptive to having their health data collected by various means, including "swallowed monitors."
Nonetheless, Intel futurist Brian David Johnson thinks the public initially will be more amenable to smart tattoos than computerized pills or gadgets inserted into them, because "something on your skin, that's a baby step" compared to a swallowed or surgically implanted device.
One tattoo being developed by MC10 of Cambridge, Mass., would temporarily attach to the skin like an adhesive bandage and wirelessly transmit the wearer's vital signs to a phone or other device. The company, which has a contract for a military version, plans to introduce one next year for consumers, according to MC10 official Barry Ives Jr., who touted its use for "athletes, expectant and new moms, and the elderly."
In a recent patent application, Finnish phone-maker Nokia proposed a tattoo that would vibrate when the person gets a phone call or serve as a mobile-device password and attach to the skin with "ferromagnetic powder."
Other envisioned gadgets would go under the skin.
MicroCHIPS, of Lexington, Mass., recently reported success testing a microchip implanted waist high that automatically provided daily doses of medicine to osteoporosis patients. In February, regulators approved an eye implant by Second Sight Medical Products of Sylmar that lets the visually impaired see shapes and movements transmitted to the implant from a camera on their glasses. And University of Southern California scientists are studying implanted chips to restore memories in people with dementia, strokes or other brain damage.
Among the critical issues to be resolved is how to keep implanted devices updated with the latest software, maintain their battery power and shield them from hackers. But Eric Dishman, who heads Intel's health care innovation team, predicts the gadgets -- particularly those providing health benefits -- will become common some day.
"There's going to be an ecosystem of things on and in the body," he predicted. "This is the ultimate in personalized medicine."
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